Functional Points Calculation 1

Given the following values, compute F.P when all complexity adjustment factors and weighting factors are average.

  • User I/P = 50
  • User O/P = 40
  • User Inquires = 35
  • User Files = 6
  • External Interfaces = 4
Functional UnitWighting Factors
LowAverageHigh
External Inputs (EI)346
External Outputs (EO)457
External Enquired (EQ)346
Internal Logic Files (ILF) 71015
External Interface Files (EIF)5710
COCOMO MODEL

Solution:

Here, we are given functional units as:

  • User I/P = 50
  • User O/P = 40
  • User Inquires = 35
  • User Files = 6
  • External Interfaces = 4

Also, we are given,

Complexity Adjustment Factors are average.

0 – No Influences

1 – Incidental

2 – Moderate

3 – Average

4 – Significant

5 – Essential

And Weighting Factors are also average.

AVERAGE complexity weights = {4, 5, 4, 10, 7} for the 5 complexities respectively.

Now,

We know that,

Final F.P = UFP X CAF

Where UFP (Unadjusted Functional Points)

Unadjusted Functional Points

And CAF (Complexity Adjustment Factor)

Complexity Adjustment Factor
UFP Calculation
Unadjusted Function Points

UFP = 50 x 4 + 40 x 5 + 35 x 4 + 6 x 10 + 4 x 7

UFP = 200 + 200 + 140 + 60 + 28

UFP = 628

CAF = 0.65 + 0.01 (14 x 3)

CAF = 1.07

F.P = UFP x CAF

F.P = 628 x 1.07

F.P = 671.96

Therefore Function Points = 671.96

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AWS Certified Cloud Practitioner Exam Practice


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Exam Details:

  • Duration: 90 minutes
  • Format: Multiple-choice and multiple-response
  • Cost: $100
  • Prerequisites: None

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Requirements Engineering

Requirements engineering is the cornerstone of any successful project. It involves defining what a system should do and ensuring it meets stakeholders’ needs. A clear understanding of requirements leads to better outcomes, fewer changes, and smoother project execution.

Why Requirements Engineering Matters

Effective requirements engineering helps bridge the gap between stakeholders and developers. It ensures that everyone involved has a shared vision of what the system should achieve. By identifying and documenting needs early, teams can avoid costly mistakes and rework.

Key Phases of Requirements Engineering

Elicitation: Gathering requirements from stakeholders through interviews, surveys, and observations. This phase focuses on understanding what users need and expect from the system.

Analysis: Reviewing and refining requirements to ensure they are clear, complete, and feasible. This phase helps in prioritizing requirements and resolving conflicts.

Specification: Documenting requirements in a detailed and understandable manner. Clear documentation serves as a reference for the development and testing phases.

Validation: Ensuring that the documented requirements accurately reflect stakeholder needs and are feasible within project constraints. This phase involves reviewing requirements with stakeholders to confirm accuracy.

Management: Handling changes to requirements as the project evolves. Effective management ensures that changes are tracked and communicated, preventing scope creep.

Best Practices for Effective Requirements Engineering

Engage Stakeholders Early: Involve stakeholders from the start to gather comprehensive and accurate requirements.

Use Clear and Simple Language: Avoid jargon and complex terms to ensure everyone understands the requirements.

Prioritize Requirements: Focus on the most critical needs to deliver the most value.

Validate Regularly: Continuously review and validate requirements to adapt to any changes or new insights.

Common Challenges and Solutions

Ambiguous Requirements: Use specific language and examples to clarify ambiguous requirements.

Changing Requirements: Implement a change management process to handle evolving needs systematically.

Communication Gaps: Foster open communication between stakeholders and developers to address misunderstandings quickly.

Conclusion

Requirements engineering is not just a step in the development process; it’s a continuous effort that shapes the project’s success. By adopting best practices and staying engaged with stakeholders, teams can deliver systems that truly meet user needs and expectations. Embrace requirements engineering as a vital part of your project strategy, and watch your projects thrive.

Fagan Inspection Methodology

The Fagan Inspection Methodology is a structured approach used in software engineering for peer review of software artifacts, primarily focusing on code inspection. It was developed by Michael Fagan in the late 1970s and has been widely adopted in various software development methodologies.

The Fagan Inspection Methodology involves a systematic and rigorous examination of software code or documents by a team of peers to identify defects, errors, and areas for improvement. The key components of the Fagan Inspection Methodology include:

Fagan Inspection Methodology

Fagan

Preparation: This stage involves preparing the software artifact (such as code or documentation) for inspection. The author of the artifact typically provides the necessary materials to reviewers, including relevant documentation and guidelines for the inspection process.

Overview Meeting: Before the inspection begins, an overview meeting is held to familiarize the inspection team with the artifact under review, its purpose, and the inspection process. The meeting aims to ensure that all team members understand the objectives and scope of the inspection.

Fagan Overview Meeting

Fagan Overview

Inspection Meeting: During this phase, the inspection team thoroughly examines the software artifact to identify defects and errors. Each reviewer systematically inspects the artifact, looking for issues such as coding errors, design flaws, and deviations from coding standards.

Fagan Inspection Meeting

Fagan Inspection

Rework: After the inspection meeting, the author addresses the identified issues and makes necessary corrections to the software artifact. This stage may involve reworking the code or documentation to fix defects and improve quality.

Fagan Rework

Fagan Rework

Follow-Up Meeting: Once the rework is completed, a follow-up meeting may be held to verify that all identified issues have been addressed satisfactorily. This meeting ensures that the software artifact meets the required quality standards before proceeding further in the development process.

Fagan Follow-Up Meeting

Fagan Follow Up Meeting

The Fagan Inspection Methodology emphasizes the importance of collaboration, thoroughness, and objectivity in the peer review process. By involving multiple team members in the inspection, it helps to identify defects early in the development lifecycle, leading to improved software quality and reduced rework costs. Additionally, the structured nature of the methodology helps to ensure consistency and repeatability in the inspection process, making it an effective quality assurance technique in software development projects.

Benefits of software inspections

Software inspections, including methods like the Fagan Inspection Methodology, offer numerous benefits to software development projects. Here are some of the key advantages:

Early Defect Detection: Inspections facilitate the early detection of defects and errors in software artifacts such as code, designs, and documentation. Finding and fixing defects early in the development process reduces the cost and effort of addressing them later.

Improved Software Quality: By identifying and correcting defects before they propagate further into the development process, inspections contribute to overall software quality improvement. This leads to a more reliable, robust, and maintainable software product.

Knowledge Sharing and Learning: Inspections provide an opportunity for team members to share knowledge and learn from each other’s expertise. Reviewers gain insights into different aspects of the software and can improve their own skills through exposure to various coding styles, design patterns, and best practices.

Reduced Rework and Maintenance Costs: Detecting and fixing defects during inspections helps prevent the accumulation of technical debt and reduces the need for extensive rework or costly maintenance activities later in the software lifecycle. This leads to significant cost savings over the long term.

Enhanced Communication and Collaboration: Inspections promote communication and collaboration among team members, as they work together to review and improve software artifacts. This fosters a culture of teamwork and accountability within the development team. Compliance and Standards Adherence: Inspections help ensure that software artifacts adhere to organizational standards, coding guidelines, and industry best practices. This is particularly important in regulated industries where compliance with standards and regulations is mandatory. Customer Satisfaction:

Definition of Ready Scrum Guide

  1. Business value is clearly articulated.
  2. Details are sufficiently understood by the development team so it can make an informed decision as to whether it can complete the PBI. 
  3. Dependencies are identified and no external dependencies would block the PBI from being completed. 
  1. The team is staffed appropriately to complete the PBI. 
  2. The PBI is estimated and small enough to comfortably be completed in one sprint. 
  3. Acceptance criteria are clear and testable.
  4. Performance criteria, if any, are defined and testable. 
  5. The Scrum team understands how to demonstrate the PBI at the sprint review. 

The Sprint Retrospective

  1. The main purpose of the Sprint Retrospective is to plan ways to increase quality and effectiveness.
  2. The Scrum Team inspects how the last Sprint went with regard to individuals, interactions, processes, tools, and their Definition of Done.
  1. It is a 3-hour event for a 1-month Sprint. For shorter Sprints, it’s usually shorter.
  2. It is an opportunity to inspect and adapt the process the Scrum Team has been using to build the increments.
  3. The whole Scrum Team attends the event.
  4. . During the Sprint Retrospective, we examine how we build the product, not the product itself.

The Sprint Review

  1. The purpose of the Sprint Review event is to inspect the outcome of the Sprint and determine future adaptations. The Scrum Team presents the results of their work to key stakeholders and progress toward the Product Goal is discussed.
  2. Attendees of the Sprint Review event are the Scrum Team and key stakeholders.
  3. Sprint Review is not just a demo or a presentation of the increment.
  1. The Scrum Team only presents items that are 100% done according to the DoD.
  2. If a customer routinely skips this event, the expectations of the Scrum Team and the customer would become misaligned and both parties would not be happy.
  3. The Product Backlog may also be adjusted to meet new opportunities.
  4. The Sprint Review is a 4-hour event for a 1-month Sprint. For shorter Sprints, it’s usually shorter.

The Sprint

  1. “Sprints are the heartbeat of Scrum, where ideas are turned into value.” – Scrum Guide
  2. The purpose of Sprint is to create usable increments. A Sprint is like a small project.
  3. A new Sprint begins immediately after the previous one ends.
  4. A Sprint is one month or shorter in length.
  1. The Sprint is a container for all the other Events. All the work necessary to achieve the Product Goal, including Sprint Planning, Daily Scrums, Sprint Review, and Sprint Retrospective, happens within Sprints.
  2. When the risk is higher, shorter Sprints are preferred, to generate more learning cycles.
  3. A Sprint can be canceled when the Sprint Goal becomes obsolete by the Product Owner.
  4. Sprint cancellation is bad for the team, and it requires regrouping of the team, and a new Sprint Planning event, as a result, resources are lost.
  5. During the Sprint quality goals do not decrease, but scope might be re-negotiated.

Daily Scrum

  1. The purpose of the Daily Scrum is to inspect progress towards the Sprint Goal and adapt the Sprint Backlog if needed.
  2. Daily Scrum is for Developers. It is mandatory for all Developers of the Scrum Team.
  3. The SM ensures that Daily Scrum takes place, and is kept to 15 minutes, but the Developers are responsible for conducting the event.
  1. During Daily Scrum, the Developers plan the work for the next day.
  2. The SM and PO are allowed to attend but not participate in Daily Scrum.
  3. The SM and PO can participate in Daily Scrum as “Developers” if they are actively
  4. working on Sprint Backlog Items.
  5. Daily Scrum is always 15 minutes regardless of Sprint length and number of Developers.

The Sprint Backlog

  1. The Sprint Backlog (SB) consists of 3 things:
    • The Sprint Goal (which is the why)
    • The selected PBIs (which is the what)
    • The Plan for delivering the Increment (which is the how).
  1. The SB is a plan by and for the Developers.
  2. . The SB should be highly-visible i.e. transparent
  3. The SB changes during the Sprint (BUT the Sprint Goal does not)
  4. The PO and the Developers may change/negotiate the scope of the Sprint but this should not affect the Sprint Goal in any way.
  5. We move the incomplete items back to the Product Backlog for future consideration.